Nursing Research Process in a Nutshell

• Identification/formulation of research
• problem anything that requires solution thru scientific investigation. -
• Sources of problem :

§ C – concepts (Ca, PTB, MI)

§ L – literature, essays, books, journals

§ I – Issues

§ E – experience

§ N – Nursing problems

§ T – theories

• Characteristics of a research problem

§ G – general applicability and use

§ Re – Researchable

§ F – Feasible and measurable

§ F – actors of a feasible research :

· time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population

§ I – importance to nursing profession

§ N – novelty/originality

· Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission

§ S – significance to nursing

• 2 types of research according to use

§ basic/pure research

· only the research benefits the research

· It is only for your personal necessity

· Answers your own question

§ Applied research

· problem solving

· Solving the problems of the patient.

• Variable – subject to change
• Kinds of variable

· Independent variable

o use this to stimulate a target population

· Dependent variable/Effectual variable

o results of the effects of the study

· Intervening Variable

o Comes between dependent and independent

o Example: orghanism variable, internal factor, sex, gender, color

· Extraneous Variable

o External infuences that can be changed

o Example: citizenship, educational status

· Dichotomous Variable

o 2 choices/ 2 results

o Example: Male/ Female

· Polychotomous Variable

o Multiple choices

o Example: Preferred foods – Chinese, Japanese, American. . . .

Examples:

“A comparative Study in the Income of Filipino Nurses Employed in P.G.H. and N.Y.G.H.”

Independent variable : PGH and NYGH (place of work)

Target population : Filipino nurses

Dependent variable : income

Research:

1. Identify the Problem

2. Purpose – objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time Bounded)

3. Define Terms

a. Conceptual Definition – dictionary definition

b. Operational Definition – defined in accordance on how the researcher used the word

4. Revision of Terms

· Review of related literature

o Purposes :

§ to have an update regarding your topic

§ to have a basis of theoretical and conceptual framework

o Main sources of literatures

§ Conceptual

· Formulated

· Authors

· Can be sold

· Books – general use

§ Research

· Researcher

· Research works only

· Future research purpose only

· Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework

• THEORY – relationship between concepts
• CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• diagrammatic and structural presentation of the problem hypothesis
• Paradigm
• actual structural presentation of your conceptual framework

• Formulating hypothesis
• 5 types of hypothesis

§ Null/statistical hypothesis

· shows no relationship or difference between an independent variable and dependent variable.

· ID = DV

· Eg. “There is no difference regarding professional opportunities of Filipino Nurses working in the Philippines from those working in USA.”

§ Simple/Operational hypothesis/Alternative hypothesis

· this shows relationship between a single independent variable from single dependent variable.

· Eg. “Filipinos Nurses working in USA has more professional opportunities than those working in the Philippines.

§ Complex hypothesis

· this shows a relationship between two or more independent variable from two or more dependent variable.

· Eg. “Filipino nurses who worked for 5yrs and passed the CGFNS, TORFL, TSE, NCLEX has greater opportunities in NY as compared to those inManila

§ Directional hypothesis

· specifies the direction of the relationship between variables

· Eg. “Filipino Nurses working in the USA has more professional opportunities than those working in the Phils.”

§ Non-directional

· only predicts the relationship, but has no specific direction between variables.

· Eg. “There is a big difference between a Filipino Nurses working in USA than those working in the Phils.”

• Selecting research design

o Systematic controlled plan for finding the answer to a problem

o Roadmap, blueprint of the study

o Should have a proper resign design

o If improper research design, there will be improper collection of data

• Purpose : key or tool for proper collection of data
• Types
• According to Application
• Basic/ Pure
• For personal knowledge, curiosity
• Applied
• Based on problem solving approach

• According to Methods
• Experimental
• performing active manipulation, observe and record the result.

• Types of Experimental Reseach

§ control

· divide grp into 2.

· Group a – control/comparison grp – will use the same soap everyday

· Group b – experimental grp – those who will use the sample soap

§ randomization

· using sample by chance.

· Choose randomly to avoid redundancy of result

§ Manipulation

· Performing intervention

§ Validation

· comparison of the effects

§ Quasi-experimental

· false experiment.

· No control sample.

• Non-experimental

o No manipulation is done. Only observation, describe and record down the result.

o Types of non-experimental research design base on time element

§ Retrospective (Ex Post Facto)

· Getting actual experience

· Studies a group of people after its occurrence, experience or facts.

· Experience of people in the past

§ Descriptive

· Observe, describe & record.

· Study of current events.

§ Prospective

· Study of research about future occurrence or future events.

§ Historical

· Past that is written, documented, published and recorded

· Primary Data

o Observe

o 1^st hand information

o person himself

· Secondary Data

o 2^nd Hand Information

· About the past using records, journals, books.

· Study of the dead people thru his written materials, facts

o according to data

§ quantitative

· data base on numerical interpretation, datas that are measurable, using your senses, data that are observable.

§ qualitative

· subjective data, feelings, perception, beliefs, culture, attitude

o Survey Research Design

§ Group

· Small

· Face to face

· Large – not good result

§ Methods

· Mailed survey

· Face to face

· Telephone survey

o According to Time Orientation

§ Cross Sectional

· Applicable to 2 or more identical group

· Short term

· For comparison

§ Longitudinal

· 1 group only

· with initial and follow up survey

· long term study

· for developmental study

• Selecting your population and samples
• sample
• part of population, data is collected.
• The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design or the individuals to be observed in a non-experimental design

• Types of sampling
• Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population.
• Simple random technique
• Used a single/identical group.
• Fish bowl technique
• Stratified random sampling
• You will first going to create a sub population from the whole population before doing randomization.
• One population, you divide it.
• Cluster random sampling
• You will first create a sub area in a population before doing the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller
• Systematic random sampling
• choosing a sample every nth name in the population.
• Multiple of 100 names
• Sampling frame – list of names appearing as your population
• Non-probability sampling – you are not choosing by chance.
• Accidental/ convenience sampling
• Base on the accessibility/availability of your sample.
• Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.
• Purposive/judgmental sampling
• base on the common knowledge or popular knowledge.
• Snow-ball sampling
• get sampling base on last referral
• Quota Sampling
• Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria

• Conducting pilot studies

• Collecting data
• types :
• questionnaires – use of pen and paper method
• dichotomous – divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no
• rating scale – poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4
• multiple choice
• Interview – use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening
• Structured – with checklist, formal talk, list of question
• Unstructured – informal talk, no pattern, anything goes
• records – pre existing data
• observation – use of ocular method using your senses
• participant observation
• non-participant observation
• Problems :
• Hawthorne’s effects
• The data you get from your sample is not accurate.
• The sample has a problem
• Solution : double blind research – they should not be conscious that they are being studied
• Halo effect
• The researcher has a problem.
• He is manipulating the data collection.
• It is affected by special feelings/treatment between the researcher and the sample.
• Analysis of Data
• part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis
• Methods
• Nominal method
• get data by means of categories.
• eg. male, female, income
• Ordinal method – base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe
• Interval
• base on the distance between 2 numerical values
• eg. BP – 150/100 – 120/80, wt, circumference, ht
• ratio – 3:10 children are malnourish

• Interpretation of Data
• 2 Methods
• quantitative method – base on numerical or graphical standards
• qualitative method – use of narrative words

• Communicating your conclusion
• Explaining the results of your work to the public
• Conclusion – final answer to your research
• Recommendation – suggestion to others
• Dissemination of Information
• Methods :
• thesis/book – written form
• symposia/symposium – oral presentation
• publish – a lot will be able to read your research